It was the first of the Harrier Jump Jet series of aircraft and was developed in the 1960s as the first operational ground attack and reconnaissance aircraft with vertical/short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) capabilities and the only truly successful V/STOL design of that era. Thrust from the engine can be temporarily syphoned to control and correct the aircraft's pitch and roll during vertical flight. [73][74], All RAF GR.1s and the initial AV-8As were fitted with the Ferranti FE541 inertial navigation/attack suite, but these were replaced in the USMC Harriers by a simpler Interface/Weapon Aiming Computer to aid quick turnaround between missions. [144][145], Planning for a HMAS Melbourne aircraft carrier replacement began in 1981. The Pegasus engine 11-61 (F402-RR-408) from Rolls-Royce provides a high thrust-to-weight ratio and retains its performance in hot and high-altitude conditions. In 1999, two years after being delivered, only one airframe was in airworthy condition. The Hawker Siddeley Harrier astounded the world with its unique ability to take-off and land vertically utilizing vectored thrust from its powerful 8000kg thrust engine. However, the USMC considered the need for naval gunfire support to be a greater priority than additional platforms for carrier operations, while the cost and delay associated with such elaborate conversions was significant, and the concept was dropped. [93] The Harrier GR.3s focused on providing close air support to the ground forces on the Falklands and attacking Argentine positions; suppressing enemy artillery was often a high priority. A Harrier II+ ‘radar bird’ of Marine Attack Squadron (VMA) 542, ‘Flying Tigers’ based at Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point, North Carolina, in the mid-1990s.. An AV-8B Night Attack jet of VMA-214 ‘Black Sheep’ as it appeared in 1989. [133] At one point China came very close to becoming an operator of the first generation Harrier. During the 42 days of combat, 86 Harrier IIs flew 3,380 combat sorties (4,112 combat hours) and delivered more than 6 million pounds of ordnance. The prototype Hawker Harrier, wearing B Conditions markings (T-60), made its maiden flight at Brooklands in the hands of Hawker test pilot P.W.S. The Harrier was outfitted with updated avionics to replace the basic systems used in the Kestrel;[N 4] a navigational-attack system incorporating an inertial navigation system, originally for the P.1154, was installed and information was presented to the pilot by a head-up display and a moving map display. It officially entered service with the RAF on 1 April 1969[30][clarification needed] and the Harrier Conversion Unit at RAF Wittering received its first aircraft on 18 April. "The Small Aircraft Carrier: A Re-Evaluation of the Sea Control Ship". [68] The success of Harrier operations countered scepticism of V/STOL aircraft, which had been judged to be expensive failures in the past. [71] The RAF trained in the T.2 and T.4 versions, while T.4N and T.8 were training versions the Navy's Sea Harrier, with appropriate fittings. The Hawker Siddeley Harrier is a British military aircraft. "camel – harrier – anthony fokker – 1979 – 0033 – Flight Archive", "Harrier Crash Renews Calls for an Inquiry.". [20] The design used a single Bristol Siddeley BS100 engine with four swivelling nozzles, in a fashion similar to the P.1127, and required the use of plenum chamber burning (PCB) to achieve supersonic speeds. [57] The engine is equipped for water injection to increase thrust and takeoff performance in hot and high altitude conditions; in normal V/STOL operations the system would be used in landing vertically with a heavy weapons load. This is a dog-fighting tactic, allowing for more sudden braking and higher turn rates. The Martin-Baker ejection seats were also replaced by the Stencel SEU-3A in the American aircraft. In preparation for flying the Kestrel, pilots of the Tripartite Evaluation Squadron were provided with several hours of helicopter piloting tuition, all of whom agreed on the effort being highly worthwhile preparation. I have the hasegawa US a/g missile set as well as a set of blunt nosed bombs that came with a … I am in middle of making a model of this aircraft and i would like to know what the maximum armament of this aircraft was for it to still have VTOL capabilities. These are to be replaced with the latest generation Litening AT (Advanced Targeting) pod. It was introduced in Update "New Power".Like all members of the Harrier family the AV-8A is a VTOL aircraft with thrust vectoring nozzles, which allow it to take off and land vertically.. General info Flight performance In the 1970s the British Aerospace Sea Harrier was developed from the Harrier for use by the Royal Navy (RN) on Invincible-class aircraft carriers. Description. The Harrier completed the journey in 6 hours 11 minutes. Since the late 1990s, the AV-8B has been slated to be replaced by the F-35B variant of the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II, a more modern V/STOL jet aircraft. Davies, Peter and Anthony M. Thornborough. [78][79] The aircraft were later equipped to use AIM-120 AMRAAM beyond-visual-range anti-aircraft missiles and the more advanced Blue Vixen radar for longer range air-to-air combat, as well as Sea Eagle missiles for conducting anti-ship missions. The French government did not accept the decision and withdrew; the NATO requirement was cancelled shortly after in 1965. Jackson, Paul. The supersonic Harrier is not to be confused with the Big Wing Harrier. As a deterrent against further Argentine invasion attempts, No. RBS 15 Gungnir Next-Generation Anti-Ship Missile System, SSBN Borei Class Nuclear-Powered Submarines, Saab to supply mine neutraliser for Anglo-French MMCM programme, BAE Systems to demonstrate new RFCM system for P-8A Poseidon, France to procure three E-2D AHE aircraft from US Navy, Pentagon orders USS Nimitz aircraft carrier to remain in Middle East, European Defence Agency to support PESCO’s EPC project. The RN Sea Harriers provided fixed-wing air defence while the RAF Harriers focused on ground-attack missions in support of the advancing British land force. "Modern Naval Combat". Some avionics systems used in the Harrier had been carried over from the cancelled. The Harrier II Plus (AV-8B), manufactured by BAE SYSTEMS and Boeing, is a VSTOL fighter and attack aircraft operational with the US Marine Corps, the Spanish Navy and the Italian Navy. The British Aerospace Harrier II is a second-generation vertical/short takeoff and landing jet aircraft used previously by the Royal Air Force and, between 2006 and 2010, the Royal Navy. British Aerospace held talks with Argentina, Australia, Brazil, China, Switzerland, India, and Japan. The Maverick AGM-65 anti-tank missile is installed on the Italian Harrier II Plus. 159249 – United States Naval Museum of Armament and Technology, NCC China Lake (North). The Sea Harrier was intended for multiple naval roles and was equipped with radar and Sidewinder missiles for air combat duties as part of fleet air defence. On her voyage home, the British company Hawker Siddeley demonstrated a RAF Harrier GR.Mk.1 (XV757) but Argentina opted for the A-4Q Skyhawk instead. [125], Due to the Harrier's unique characteristics it attracted a large amount of interest from other nations, often as attempts to make their own V/STOL jets were unsuccessful, such as in the cases of the American XV-4 Hummingbird and the German VFW VAK 191B. The Harrier is the fighter jet used by the Allies in pre-3.0 versions. This jet is used primarily by the US Navy. [24] Hawker Siddeley received an order for six pre-production aircraft in 1965, designated P.1127 (RAF), of which the first made its maiden flight on 31 August 1966. [131] Spain later purchased five Harriers directly from the British government mainly to replace losses. Skyhook would have allowed the launching and landing of Harriers from smaller ships by holding the aircraft in midair by a crane; secondary cranes were to hold weapons for rapid re-arming. This proposal would have increased the wing area from 200 to 250 square feet (19 to 23 m2), allowing for significant increases in weapons load and internal fuel reserves. When I saw the Harrier hovering and flying backwards under control, I reckoned I'd seen everything. The first generation Hawker Siddeley airframes were replaced by the improved Harrier II, which had been developed jointly between McDonnell Douglas and British Aerospace. In the air-to-air role, the radar operates in search, track and combat modes. [123] The performance of the Harrier in USMC service led to calls for the United States Air Force to procure Harrier IIs in addition to the USMC's own plans,[119] but these never resulted in Air Force orders. Like all members of the Harrier family, the Harrier GR.3 is a VTOL aircraft with thrust vectoring nozzles, which allow it to take off and land vertically. [38] Spain's Harriers, designated AV-8S or VA.1 Matador for the single-seater and TAV-8S or VAE.1 for the two-seater, were almost identical to USMC Harriers differing only in the radios fitted. [46][47], The Harrier's VTOL abilities allowed it to be deployed from very small prepared clearings or helipads as well as normal airfields. The range is over 50 miles, and the speed of the missile is 1.2km a second. Gun pod, Sidewinder and Rocket employment will be covered in this video.Support the creation of more content! This marked the end of the Harrier production line. First operational deployment of the GR9 was in January 2007 at Kandahar in Afghanistan as part of the NATO International Security Force (ISAF). [110] The service became interested in performing ship-borne operations with the Harrier. The aircraft was the latest development of the Harrier Jump Jet family, and was derived from the McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II. The engine's thrust is directed through the four rotatable nozzles. The Harrier II Plus is equipped with the Raytheon APG-65 digital radar to provide day and night and adverse weather capability. [10] A contract for two development prototypes was signed in June 1960 and the first flight followed in October 1960. [61], The Harrier has been described by pilots as "unforgiving". Capable of vertical or short takeoff and landing (V/STOL), the aircraft was designed in the 1980s as an Anglo-American development of the British Hawker Siddeley Harrier, the first operational V/STOL aircraft. However, their arsenal can be further augmented through the installation of air-to-air missiles, bombs as well as unguided rockets. [132], Hawker Siddeley aggressively marketed the Harrier for export. [24][83] An early demonstration of the Harrier's capabilities was the participation of two aircraft in the Daily Mail Transatlantic Air Race in May 1969, flying between St Pancras railway station, London and downtown Manhattan with the use of aerial refuelling. Kemp, Leslie R. "Close Air Support Today and Tomorrow". The AV-8B Harrier II is the first operational S/VTOL aircraft used by the United States Navy and Marine Corps. The throttle is trimmed until a hover state is achieved at the desired altitude. It can take off vertically from the deck of a ship or forest clearing, and then accelerate to nearly the speed of sound. [113][114][N 12], Other exercises were performed to demonstrate the AV-8A's suitability for operating from various amphibious assault ships and aircraft carriers, including a deployment of 14 Harriers aboard USS Franklin D. Roosevelt for six months in 1976. Three squadrons, totaling 60 aircraft, and one six-aircraft detachment operated ashore from an expeditionary airfield, while one squadron of 20 aircraft operated from a sea platform. [126][N 16], Following the display of Harrier operations from small carriers, the navies of Spain and later Thailand bought the Harrier for use as their main carrier-based fixed-wing aircraft. [136], The Spanish Navy, Thai Navy, Royal Air Force, and U.S. Marine Corps have all retired their first-generation Harriers. ", "The Harrier II Plus is capable of deploying a wide range of weapon systems.". It was introduced in Update "New Power". Three squadrons, totaling 60 aircraft, and one six-aircraft detachment operated ashore from an expeditionary airfield, while one squadron of 20 aircraft operated from a sea platform. [82], The first RAF squadron to be equipped with the Harrier GR.1, No. [16][17][18] The two remaining British-based Kestrels were assigned to further trials and experimentation at RAE Bedford with one being modified to use the uprated Pegasus 6 engine. [111] In support of naval operations, the USMC devised and studied several methods to further integrate the Harrier. The AV-8B Harrier was a Short Take Off and Vertical Landing strike aircraft. Despite its drawbacks, the Marines were happy with the Harrier, and it continued to serve from both … In the air-to-surface role, the APG-65 radar provides high-resolution, long-range surface mapping and detection, and tracking of land-based and sea-based targets. The APG-65 is a jam-resistant, all-weather detection and tracking radar. [107] Although there were concerns in Congress about multiple coinciding projects in the close air support role,[N 11] the Marine Corps were enthusiastic about the Harrier and managed to overcome efforts to obstruct its procurement. [13], A total of 960 sorties had been made during the trials, including 1,366 takeoffs and landings, by the end of evaluations in November 1965. The jet flap Harrier carried 250% more bombs, with a 14% increase in range; but if the excess pay-load were used for fuel to extend the … [63] The reaction control system involves a thrusters at key points in the aircraft's fuselage and nose, also the wingtips. RAF Tornado GR4. They have been used during the second Great War many times, but when gattling cannons came into action they became almost useless. Harriers are Allied primary aircraft. Harrier: the story of the “Jump Jet” fighter jet that helped Margaret Thatcher win the Falklands War. [54] The Los Angeles Times reported in 2003 that the Harrier "...has amassed the highest major accident rate of any military plane now in service. The aircraft was the latest development of the Harrier Jump Jet family, and was derived from the McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II. [9] Rather than using rotors or a direct jet thrust, the P.1127 had an innovative vectored thrust turbofan engine, the Pegasus. Jenkins 1998, p. 16. Working up during the 1991 Gulf War, the unit made a first foreign deployment with the AV-8B to Iwakuni, Japan, in October of that year. Mason, Kenneth J. and Charles R. Rosburg. Harrier: the story of the “Jump Jet” fighter jet that helped Margaret Thatcher win the Falklands War. The Harrier Jump Jet (this name is known as AV-8 Harrier in the game) was designed by the British for the Americans.It is a VTOL (Vertical Take-Off and Landing) aircraft, requiring no runway to become airborne. Several hardpoints were installed, two under each wing and one underneath the fuselage; two 30 mm (1.2 in) ADEN cannon gun pods could also be fitted to the underside of the fuselage. Washington D.C., USA: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979. [70] Changes included the removal of all magnesium components, which corroded quickly at sea, and the integration of American radios and Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) systems; furthermore the outer pylons, unlike the RAF aircraft, were designed from delivery to be equipped with self-defence AIM-9 Sidewinder heat-seeking air-to-air missiles. [91] From 10 to 24 May 1982, prior to British forces landing in the Falklands, a detachment of three GR.3s provided air defence for Ascension Island until three F-4 Phantom IIs arrived to take on this responsibility. [87] No. The Harrier also probably costs about 1/4 the price of an F-35B. [43], The Kestrel and the Harrier were similar in appearance, though approximately 90 per cent of the Kestrel's airframe was redesigned for the Harrier. The significant aerodynamic features of the aircraft are large Leading-Edge Root Extensions (LERX) and under-fuselage Lift-Improvement Devices (LIDs), drooping ailerons (i.e. The Harrier is a fixed-wing, V/STOL-capable, single engine multi-role fighter that uses a composite wing layout. [111][112] Since then the Sea Control Ship concept has been subject to periodic re-examinations and studies, often in the light of budget cuts and questions over the use of supercarriers. [159], Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1988–89[205], Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era, For experimental biplane torpedo bomber, see, Ground attack aircraft series by Hawker Siddeley, later British Aerospace, "In my mind the AV-8A Harrier was like the helicopter in Korea. The Harrier GR9 is an avionics and weapons upgrade of the standard GR7. 56 aircraft were built for the Royal Navy. Originally produced by McDonnell-Douglas, Boeing now provides service for the present fleet of A… The Harrier's ability to operate with minimal ground facilities and very short runways allowed it to be used at locations unavailable to other fixed-wing aircraft. The cockpit is fully integrated for day and night operability and is equipped with head-up and head-down displays, a digital moving map, an Inertial Navigation System (INS), and a Hands-On Throttle and Stick system (HOTAS). The BAE Systems FA2 Sea Harrier fighter aircraft, which was in service with the British Royal Navy, provided air defence for the carrier fleet, particularly against low-flying attack aircraft armed with long-range air-to-surface missiles. The British Aerospace Harrier II is a second-generation vertical/short takeoff and landing jet aircraft used previously by the Royal Air Force and, between 2006 and 2010, the Royal Navy. Of these only India became a customer, purchasing the Sea Harrier. Mk.I bombs cuts the climb rate by more than half. [N 17] Spain's purchase of Harriers was complicated by long-standing political friction between the British and Spanish governments of the era; even though the Harriers were manufactured in the UK they were sold to Spain with the US acting as an intermediary. The Harrier GR.1 has an impressive climb rate, though it is put down by Soviet jets that it may face, like the MiG-19PT, Su-7B, and Su-7BKL.The Harrier's climb rate also suffers the more armament it carries; even just 4 SRAAMs drops the climb rate from 80 m/s to 68.2 m/s. Trainee pilots are often drawn from highly experienced and skilled helicopter pilots. The Hawker Harrier was an experimental biplane torpedo bomber aircraft built by Hawker Aircraft to a specification issued in the 1920s for the RAF. In 1969 the Argentinian Navy received its second carrier, ARA 25 de Mayo, from the Netherlands. [132][137][N 18] The Royal Thai Navy's AV-8S Matadors were delivered as part of the air wing deployed on the new light aircraft carrier HTMS Chakri Naruebet. The AIM-120A Advanced Medium-Range Air-to-Air Missile (AMRAAM) from Raytheon Missile Systems is an all-weather, fire-and-forget air-to-air missile, equipped with an active radar seeker and a high-explosive warhead. [56], The Pegasus turbofan jet engine, developed in tandem with the P.1127 then the Harrier, was designed specifically for V/STOL manoeuvring. [60] Several variants have been released; the latest is the Pegasus 11–61 (Mk 107), which provides 23,800 lbf (106 kN) thrust, more than any previous engine. The Sea Harrier and the Harrier fought in the 1982 Falklands War, in which the aircraft proved to be crucial and versatile. Congress Committee on Appropriations. The thrust vector is set to 90° and the throttle is brought up to maximum, at which point the aircraft leaves the ground. More than…, Type 23 Duke class frigates are multi-role warships built by Swan Hunter and BAE Systems for the UK’s Royal Navy.…, Get important industry news and analysis sent to your inbox – sign up to our e-Newsletter here, "The Harrier II Plus extends the capabilities of the Harrier with the introduction of a multi-mode radar and beyond-visual-range missile capability. [28][29] The aircraft was named after the Harrier, a small bird of prey. [119], The AV-8A's abilities in air-to-air combat were tested by the Marine Corps by conducting mock dogfights with McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom IIs; these exercises trained pilots to use the vectoring-in-forward-flight (VIFF) capability to outmanoeuvre their opponents and showed that the Harriers could act as effective air-to-air fighters at close range. The Harrier II Plus is capable of deploying a wide range of weapon systems, including the air-to-air AMRAAM and Sparrow missiles, air-to-surface AGM-65 Maverick missiles, anti-ship Harpoon and Sea Eagle missiles, 25mm cannon, and a range of bombs and rockets. The short answer is simply, the Harrier is a difficult aircraft to fly. The Harrier was developed directly from the Hawker Siddeley Kestrel prototype aircraft, following the cancellation of a more advanced supersonic aircraft, the Hawker Siddeley P.1154. [12] The Kestrel's first flight took place on 7 March 1964. I swear Gaijin's methodology for "what gets what" is completely and utterly arbitrary. In… [N 9] The Sea Harrier was also fitted with navigational aids for carrier landings, modifications to reduce corrosion by seawater and a raised bubble-canopy covered cockpit for better visibility. The Hawker Siddeley Harrier was the world’s first operationally successful ground attack aircraft with vertical/short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) capabilities. The Soviet Union was also actively opposed to the UK selling weapons to the Chinese. The programme also included an upgrade of the two-seater T10 aircraft to the equivalent GR9 standard known as the Harrier T12. At one point the company was holding talks with Australia, Brazil, Switzerland, India and Japan. [140][141] Around 2003, Thailand considered acquiring former Royal Navy Sea Harriers, which were more suitable for maritime operations and better equipped for air defence, to replace their AV-8S Harriers; this investigation did not progress to a purchase. The FA2 first flew in 1988 and entered service in 1993. ", Harrier GR.3 in Beijing Aviation Museum, China, "Harrier – World's First Fixed-wing V/STOL Weapons System", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawker_Siddeley_Harrier&oldid=997088420, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2019, Articles with dead external links from November 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2019, Aircraft specs templates using more performance parameter, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, XW269 – Airworld Aviation Museum Caernarfon Wales. [25][N 3]. Aircraft can also carry additional armament or fuel tanks in overall 15 t weight with usual (not vertical) take off. This page was last edited on 29 December 2020, at 23:24. [72] The US and Spain flew the TAV-8A and TAV-8S, respectively. It was subsonic and it could not carry much of armament. Named after a bird of prey, it was originally developed by British manufacturer Hawker Siddeley in the 1960s. [38] The AV-8C and the remaining AV-8A Harriers were retired by 1987. The Harrier, informally referred to as the Harrier Jump Jet, is a family of jet-powered attack aircraft capable of vertical/short takeoff and landing operations (V/STOL). During the Harrier's service the RAF positioned the bulk of the aircraft in West Germany to defend against a potential invasion of Western Europe by the Warsaw Pact forces; the unique abilities of the Harrier allowed the RAF to disperse their forces away from vulnerable airbases. One of the squadrons was disbanded and its aircraft distributed between the other two. ", "Argentine Airpower in the Falklands War.". [104] However the second generation Harrier IIs saw action in Bosnia, Iraq, and Afghanistan. It was planned that supplies would to be regularly ferried by, Politically, the British government had decided not to use aircraft carriers after the 1960s, due to the costs involved. Equipping 4 x 1,000 lb G.P. [150][151][152][153][154][155][156][157][158], The Swiss Air Force was interested in purchasing some Harriers as its doctrine was to operate in hidden and disperse locations during the Cold War. General info Flight performance The image from the FLIR is projected on the wide-field-of-view head-up display or on one of the multi-purpose head-down displays to provide night-time and reduced-visibility capability. My point is that with the TLAM the “something” doesn’t have to be fast jet costing about 100x the cost of the ordnance it is dropping and probably won’t need to incur the cost of a tanker or tankers to get the fast jet into range. The Harrier GR9 aircraft came into service on October 2006. The Harrier II Plus (AV-8B), manufactured by BAE SYSTEMS and Boeing, is a VSTOL fighter and attack aircraft operational. 159247 – Naval Inventory Control Point (NAVICP) Philadelphia. [111] The tests showed, amongst other things, that the Harrier was capable of performing in weather where conventional carrier aircraft could not. All three RAF Harrier squadrons were deployed for the 2003 Iraq War in Operation Telic. [94][95] Sea Harriers were also used in the war, primarily conducting fleet air defence and combat air patrols against the threat of attacking Argentine fighters. This policy resulted in the termination of the majority of aircraft development projects then underway for the British military. [121], Starting in 1979, the USMC began upgrading their AV-8As to the AV-8C configuration—the work focused mainly on extending useful service lives and improving VTOL performance. [35] Improved Harrier versions with better sensors and more powerful engines were developed in later years. Spain sold seven single-seat and two twin-seat Harriers to Thailand in 1998. Carpenter & Wiencek, Asian Security Handbook 2000, p. 302. [39], The Harrier was typically used as a ground attack aircraft, though its manoeuvrability also allows it to effectively engage other aircraft at short ranges. The innovative Harrier family and its Rolls-Royce Pegasus engines with thrust vectoring nozzles have generated long-term interest in V/STOL aircraft. [68][69], The two largest users of the Harrier were the Royal Air Force and the United States Marine Corps (USMC). The flexibility of the Harrier led to a long-term heavy deployment in West Germany as a conventional deterrent and potential strike weapon against Soviet aggression; from camouflaged rough bases the Harrier was expected to launch attacks on advancing armour columns from East Germany. [109], The AV-8A entered service with the Marine Corps in 1971, replacing other aircraft in the Marines' attack squadrons. Admiral Elmo Zumwalt promoted the concept of a Sea Control Ship, a 15,000-ton light carrier equipped with Harriers and helicopters, to supplement the larger aircraft carriers of the US Navy. [4] The P.1121 was cancelled after the release of the British Government's 1957 Defence White Paper, which advocated a policy shift away from manned aircraft and towards missiles. What would be appropriate armament for an Operation Telic Harrier Gr. [89], In the Falklands War in 1982, 10 Harrier GR.3s of No. In 1984, funding for eight AV-8Bs was diver… "Department of Defense Appropriations for 1979: Part 5". You will work to learn engine and avionics repair, as well as training on the different weapons and flight fuselage systems that make the Harrier the most unique aircraft currently flying for the United States. "CV or Not to Be? [10] Of the six prototypes built, three crashed, including one during an air display at the 1963 Paris Air Show. After considering American, Italian, and Spanish designs, the Australian government accepted a British offer to sell the HMS Invincible, which would be operated with Harriers and helicopters. 1 Squadron operated from the aircraft carrier HMS Hermes. [58] The water injection function had originally been added following the input of US Air Force Colonel Bill Chapman, who worked for the Mutual Weapons Development Team. "Improving Force Flexibility Through V/STOL". AV-8B aircraft have been fitted with the Northrop Grumman Litening II targeting and reconnaissance pod. For lower takeoff speeds the thrust vector is greater. [120] Marine Corps officers became convinced of the military advantages of the Harrier and pursued extensive development of the aircraft. While irrelevant during forward flight mode, these controls are essential during VTOL and STOL manoeuvres. In 1991, Harrier IIs were the first U.S. Marine Corps tactical aircraft to arrive for Operation Desert Storm over the Persian Gulf.
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