The silencing of a ripening-related CHS gene in strawberry fruits (Fragaria Ã ananassa cv. The new seeds require water at specific periods of growth, development and flowering. The progressive and enterprising farmers have largely improved their standard of living by their industry, while the lethargic and orthodox cultivators could not adopt the new technology successfully and many of them are still in the grip of poverty and undernourishment. Modern farming tools and technology like tractors, threshers and sprayers are also imperative for the successful cultivation of HYV. One of the metrics used to determine the efficiency of food production is crop yield. Elsanta) by an intron-hairpin-RNA construct containing the partial sense and corresponding antisense sequences of CHS was separated by an intron obtained from an F. ananassa quinone oxidoreductase gene. Therefore increase in shelf-life or delay in the ripening process can be achieved by the introduction of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) oxidase dsRNA in tomatoes, which suppresses the expression of ethylene genes. Read formulas, definitions, laws from Biotechnology for Improved Food Quality here. D.B. The three new yam varieties were released based on slow rate of oxidation, ability to be eaten in pounded form, high yield, and high dry matter content. Even in the years of droughts (1987-88 and 1988-89), the farmers could harvest very good crops of paddy with the help of canal and tube well irrigation. Certain varieties or breeds of each crop and species of livestock are considered high-yield becuase they produce comparatively more food. Several transformation protocols have been deployed successfully for the introduction of foreign genes into rice. Based on WordNet 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. The highest β-carotene content reached 1.6 μg per g in rice grains. Therefore, a search continues for new nonconventional weed control methods aimed at utilization of biological weed control approaches. The challenge of food security still continues and demands the adoption of new approaches to ensure safe and sufficient food for everyone. To meet water requirements, there must be a controlled source of water at the disposal of farmers. It is mainly because of the human factor that the agricultural incomes of the farmers, having almost the same size of holdings in a village, vary from each other. The introduction of plant monocultures and indiscriminate and widespread application of chemical pesticides resulted in an insurgence of pests, development of resistance, and occurrence of residual toxicity. Moreover, the fluctuations in prices of agricultural commodities reduce the margin of profit of the growers which may work as disincentive for the cultivation of HYV. Maximizing the number of plants in a given space is a high-yield method. No species can be eliminated from nature and continuous disturbance of its habitat through agricultural practices increased the emergence and diversity of pests. The lectin from snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin) is very toxic to insects, causing about 80% mortality (Fitches et al., 2010). The criteria for selection are high yield, disease resistance, response to fertilisers, tolerance to climate, etc. Contaminated food, air, soil, and waterbodies have exposed life on Earth to hazardous agrochemicals. Various types of proteinase inhibitors such as potato protease inhibitors II, cowpea trypsin inhibitors(CpTi), etc. To overcome these problems, development of resistant crop varieties through a transgenic approach will contribute to a reduction in pest attack and decrease the use of chemical insecticides (Slater et al., 2003). The well off farmers of the Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh are applying this input in the given proportion while some of the more ambitious farmers are even exceeding the prescribed limit. Among many useful aids which increase the efficiency of the farmers are seed-cum-fertilizer-drill, well designed plant protection equipment’s, Dunlop-carts, trolley, threshers, sprayers and tractors. Buy varieties that say they are compact or “bush” varieties. Significant advances have been made in the genetic engineering of rice since the first transgenic rice plants reported in the late 1980s. The cost of these losses amounts to Rs. Newer approaches are needed to meet the great increase in food production necessitated by population growth in developing countries. In addition to feeding humans, we also need plant-based crops to feed livestock and use for bio-energy. Irrigation is thus the single most important input on which depends the success or failure of a crop. The hot and moist environment of the field also becomes conducive for the fast growth and multiplication of insects and pests. OMAFRA Field Crop Team March 13, 2018 6142 Comments Off on High Yield Wheat! Weed management in arable lands involves direct and indirect methods. As a matter of fact, electric power has a vital role in the development and extension of HYV. Excessive rainfall, immediately after the application of chemical fertilizers or that of plant protection chemicals, reduces their utility and effectiveness. evolving new high-yield crop varieties中文研究高產作物的新品種…，點擊查查權威綫上辭典詳細解釋evolving new high-yield crop varieties的中文翻譯，evolving new high-yield crop varieties的發音，音標，用法和例句等。 As the human population soars well beyond 7 billion people, so does the demand for food. Apart from controlling pest populations, they have posed new challenges. Disclaimer 9. This in turn has been accelerated by advances in digital technology applied through biostatistics and bioinformatics. The poor and small farmers are thus deprived of the required inputs, so essential for the successful cultivation of HYV of wheat and rice. Grigg, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001. Postharvest losses deteriorate the quality and economic viability of many high-yielding varieties of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.). Although a few improved high-yielding varieties of cardamom have been evolved, combining yield and cardamom mosaic resistance has not been possible. Qingyao Shu, Dianxing Wu, in Reference Module in Food Science, 2016. A few fruits have been obtained in the cross involving Alpinia neutans; in other crosses no seeds were set (Parameswar, 1997). Any slackness in the work of agricultural machinery may make the agriculture a less profitable pursuit. KEYWORDS High-yielding rice, grain yield, total The traditional farmers used to harvest green tomatoes, which were then sprayed with ethylene to fetch higher prices than ripe tomatoes; however, there is a substantial decrease in flavor content. Copyright 10. A brief discussion on the inputs and infrastructure requirements for HYV is imperative to ascertain the myth and reality of the success of the Green Revolution in India. Common factors for crop improvement - definition Crop variety improvement can be achieved by the process of selection. The study shows that CNR is also negatively regulated by APETALA2a (a target of miR172). With this technology, the rice breeder is now able to transfer and incorporate desirable genes into rice genome, no matter where the gene comes from. Bt eggplant (Solanum melongena) was developed and field tested by the collaborative research between the US-based company Monsanto and Maharashtra Hybrid Seeds Company (Mahyco), India, by incorporating a crystal gene (Cry1Ac) from B. thuringiensis (Krattiger, 2010; Cotter, 2011). Weeds may potentially reduce the yield of wheat up to 23% (18%â29%) worldwide but due to weed management practices actual losses account for 7.7% (3%â13%) (Oerke, 2006). have been expressed in crop plants (Sharma et al., 2004). Long duration varieties takes 95 to 100 days and short duration varieties 80 to 85 days. Subsequently, GE tomato and eggplant/brinjal were developed and tested under field conditions in different countries. Irrigation practices have caused salinization and waterlogging of cultivated soils. The amount of pesticides used worldwide for pest control increased by 15â20-fold in the last 50 years (Oerke, 2006). The timings of irrigation and the quantity of water supplied are decisive for the performance of the crop. BARLEY – High yield forage with good levels of energy, starch and effective fibre. The experts and researchers who attempted to assess the role of human element in the adoption of agricultural innovations found great variations in the agricultural practices and yield levels of different farmers living within a micro region of a village. Barley also requires reasonably high levels of management with a good herbicide and fungicide programme to achieve yields. These varieties require irrigation after every three weeks during the period of growth and development and after every two weeks at the flowering and primordial stages. Since the 1970s Chinese farmers have used hybrid rice seed. There is winter and spring varieties available. Simply put, crop yield is the High yielding varieties of maize have also proved successful and to a lesser extent new varieties of sorghum. In the adoption and spread of HYV the role of human factor is also very important. Harvesting fully mature kernels at moisture content < 25% w.b. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128104392000106, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128115275000022, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128181621000110, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780857090393500086, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080430767041577, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081005965002134, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128104392000039, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065211317300858, Genetic Improvement of Vegetables Using Transgenic Technology, Genetic Engineering of Horticultural Crops, Schnepf and Whiteley, 1981; Jain et al., 2007, Whetstone and Hammock, 2007; Van Damme, 2008, Cooper et al., 2004; Nelson et al., 2004; Moose and Mumm, 2008, Handbook of Herbs and Spices (Second Edition), Volume 1, International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, Gene Silencing in Horticultural Transgenic Crops, Sharda Choudhary, ... Radheshyam Sharma, in, Postharvest losses deteriorate the quality and economic viability of many, Meli et al., 2010; Molesini et al., 2012; Karlova et al., 2013, Limitations of Existing Weed Control Practices Necessitate Development of Alternative Techniques Based on Biological Approaches. high-yield variety Crop that has been specially bred or selected to produce more than the natural varieties of the same species. Adoption of new needs and intensification of agriculture in the subtropical countries like India (characterized with erratic monsoon) are not possible unless adequate irrigation facilities are available. Among them, transgenic plants with the insecticidal gene from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) might be the best example on agronomical improvement. Plagiarism Prevention 4. It is a potent insecticide and very much toxic to lepidopterans (Cohen et al., 2000), dipterans (Andrews et al., 1987), and coleopterans (Herrnstadt et al., 1986). MiR156 targets an important gene in fruit ripening, colorless never ripe (CNR), as reported by Molesini et al. The personal qualities of a farmer, his attitude, beliefs, aspirations, progressiveness, and education, lifestyle and family values determine his capacity to adopt an agricultural innovation. The perennial varieties mature in 190-220 days while the annual ones in 190-230 days. Nigeria releases 19 high yield crop varieties, one chicken breed to farmers By AgroBusiness Times on September 4, 2018 The Federal Ministry of Science and Technology produced 19 new varieties of crops with a high yield to increase agricultural production. Crop genotypes play a dominant role in crop production systems. In other words, in all societies, there are rational, economic farmers and irrational tradition bound farmers. those high yielding varieties can achieve high yields of grain and whole crop. The adopters of HYV must have operational capital for the purchase of seeds, installation of tube wells, drilling of pumping sets, chemical fertilizers, plant protection chemicals, tractors, harvesters, threshers and other accessories. For the successful cultivation of HYV, there should be an efficient extension service which may guide the farmers about the various agricultural operations and precautions. The new varieties introduced since the first HYVs are now often referred to as MVs (modern varieties). For the application of plant protection chemicals the farmers must have adequate knowledge of plant disease and their controlling chemicals. Most of the Indian farmers being poor have very little purchasing power and are unable to supply the prescribed doses of fertilizers. Although it positively regulates fruit ripening, it also negatively regulates ethylene synthesis (Karlova et al., 2013). The chimeric RNAi-ACS (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase) construct designed to target ACS homologs effectively repressed ethylene production in tomato fruits and enhanced tomato shelf-life by 45 days. Content Guidelines 2. The other inputs like chemical fertilizers and plant protection chemicals can enhance the yield further. In the case of rice, inadequacy of moisture in the primordial initiation (flowering, milking and grain forming stages) can reduce production to the extent of 50 per cent. Serine proteinase such as trypsin and chymotrypsin enzymes are present in insect guts for digestion. However, due to pest management practices, the yield reductions of wheat, maize, rice, soybean, and potatoes account for 26%, 31%, 37%, 29%, and 40%, respectively. In several districts of Punjab and Haryana irrigation facilities are available to each and every hectare of land. One of the important factors which contributed to the success of new seeds in the states of Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh is the elaborate irrigation infrastructure in the form of canals, tube wells and pumping sets. Although, it involves centuries old practices, a major breakthrough in pest control was the development of pesticides. Direct methods employ all the techniques primarily aimed at weed control (Shad, 2015), including manual, mechanical, chemical, and biological. It is the transport network which determines the types of crops grown in an agricultural region. Indirect methods involve utilizing such cultural practices and preventive measures which reduce germination, growth, vigor, and reproductive capacity of weeds. Therefore, pest management is an important component of crop production since its inception (Oerke, 2006). Apart from benefits gained from these practices, they have also given rise to unexpected outcomes bearing threats to sustainability of such practices as well as survival of human beings and other life forms on Earth. Many farmers, especially those in environments where high-yield crop and livestock varieties do not prosper, rely on a wide range of crop and livestock types. High Yielding Varieties Seeds are undoubtedly land substituting, water economizing, more labour using, and employment generating innovation; nevertheless, they are very delicate and sensitive and therefore require a great deal of care if a successful harvest is to be obtained. In the developed countries like the UK, Germany, Netherlands and Japan the consumption of chemical fertilizers is much higher to that of India. During the 1950s and 1960s, new strains of wheat and maize were developed to reduce the food shortages in poor countries (the Green Revolution). They affect crop productivity by their higher yield potentials, resistance against insect pest and diseases under different climatic conditions. These methods have given rise to serious limitations, and their place in sustainable modern agricultural systems is jeopardized. The reduced levels of CHS mRNA and enzymatic CHS activity and the levels of anthocyanins were downregulated, and precursors of the flavonoids pathway were shunted to the phenylpropanoid pathway leading to large increases in levels of (hydroxy) cinnamoyl glucose esters. Pesticides are chemical substances applied to control pest populations. In the areas exclusively dependent on rains (Brahmaputra Valley) and in the dry farming areas (Rajasthan, Marathwada, etc.) That's a lot of mouths to feed! HYV can also fetch handsome amounts to the farmers only if a good market for the disposal of the commodity is available within a short distance of the place of production. High yielding isn't any one specific method. This technique in combination with metabolite profiling analysis will be useful for the development and ripening of strawberry fruit (Hoffmann et al., 2006). The first irrigation to wheat around the third week of sowing alone raises yield by as much as 30 per cent than that when it is delayed. Without irrigation, a surfeit of other inputs, therefore, is of no avail. Already, 16 PAU recommended high yield varieties are being sown in Punjab, which includes PAU developed varsities (both long and short duration) like PMH-1, PMH -2, PMH 11, Parkash-1. The fuller use of inputs may be made only if proper guidance to the cultivators is available. New crop varieties tolerate disease better, are better adapted to local conditions, and generally produce higher yields. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. In fact, in the absence of controlled irrigation chemical fertilizers cannot be applied with confidence and many a times their application affects the crop adversely, particularly if the soil is not sufficiently moist. To evaluate different varieties of rice for their growth and To achieve this objective, intergeneric crosses were made using Ammomum subulatum, Alpinia neutans, Hedychium flavascene and Hedychium coronarium as male parents. The lifestyle of the farmers and their aspirations for better standard of living also determine their efficiency. The list of 310 new crop varieties includes two bacterial leaf blight disease resistant rice (Pusa 1592 and Punjab Basmati-3), one blast disease resistant variety of rice (Pusa 1609), seedless variety of Nagpur orange, high temperature tolerant garden pea (Arka A Bt transgenic potato plant resistant to potato tuber moth was developed by transferring the cry1Ab gene under a granule-bound starch synthase promoter (Kumar et al., 2010). The danger of pests and insects may be reduced by using plant protection chemicals. Crop pests include weeds, insects, pathogens, and rodents. If the timely spray is not done the crops of the region may vanish. In fact, there are innovative and hardworking farmers within a village who perform better than their orthodox neighbours whose efficiency may be comparatively low. Use locally adapted varieties to ensure good crop establishment and high yield with acceptable grain quality for market. fruitful - productive or conducive to producing in abundance; "be fruitful and multiply". In a region like the Indo-Gangetic plain where agriculture is being practiced for over the last 8000 years the soils are depleted and are increasingly losing their resilient characteristics. Certain weeds have also been reported to produce allelochemicals which suppress root and shoot growth of crop plants. Since the plant protection chemicals are quite expensive, they are generally out of the reach of small and marginal farmers. Transgenic potato expressing the gna gene showed reduced damage to leaves (Bell et al., 2001a). They were also short with a stiff straw, and so, unlike the tall traditional varieties, did not lodge with higher yields. The yield potential of these varieties was greater in the temperate regions of Asia and in the dry season in the monsoon region than in the humid tropics, because of the longer hours of sunshine and hence the greater potential photosynthesis available to the plant. The yield capacity of each variety is given as a percentage of the control varieties (which themselves are proven varieties of a number of years standing), which is rated as 100. In India, most of the farmers, excepting a few larger ones, have no surplus over consumption, and therefore, no saving or operational capital at their disposal. Transgenic rice plants with Bt gene have proven to be highly resistant to all lepidopterans, including stem borers such as yellow stem borer, striped stem borer and pink stem borer, and rice leaf folders in field trials. In one study conducted in Punjab, it was found that the Jat farmers are more innovative, energetic and enterprising. High yielding cultivars of crops depleted soils of nutrients and precious organic matter. Consequently, the HYV in such areas either could not be diffused or they are not performing satisfactorily. These costly inputs may go as a waste after the floods resulting from heavy rains. Efficient transport and nearness to the market reduce the cost of transportation of the bulky and perishable agricultural commodities. As discussed more thoroughly in Section 7.1, most stability measures relate to either of two contrasting concepts of stability: “static” (Type 1) and “dynamic” (Type 2) (Becker and Léon, 1988; Lin et al. Domestication of wild plants triggered manipulation of nature for agricultural practices. 146 billion (Razzaq et al., 2012). The whole pathway of β-carotene biosynthesis was introduced into rice plants by simultaneously transforming of three foreign genes: one plant phytoene synthase (psy) gene originating from daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus), one bacterial phytoene desaturase (crt1) gene originating from Erwinia uredovora, and the lycopene β-cyclase (lcy) gene originating from N. pseudonarcissus. Poor yielding genetics rarely produce high yields. Irrigation is the most important input required for the successful cultivation of HYV. Werner Mühlbauer, Joachim Müller, in Drying Atlas, 2020, Cultivation of high-yielding varieties with uniform ripening characteristics. Immediate drying after harvest to prevent yellowing of rice kernels, Drying with flat-bed batch dryer, recirculating batch dryer or cross-flow continuous dryer, Cross-flow continuous dryer: 50â60 °C. High Yielding Varieties Seeds are undoubtedly land substituting, water economizing, more labour using, and employment generating innovation; nevertheless, they are very delicate and sensitive and therefore require a great deal of care if a successful harvest is to be obtained. Several insecticidal Bt genes have been transformed into various types of rice, and all showed great potential for controlling the most important insect pests in rice. TOS 7. Enormous machinery, like tractors, threshers, sprayers, tillers, chaff cutters, pumping sets, etc., are required for the timely operations of sowing, weeding, spraying and harvesting of HYV. This is not so in case of traditional varieties. The yield varies from 10-15 Many insect-resistant plant varieties have been developed through cloning genes encoding proteinase inhibitors (Kim et al., 2009) and amylase inhibitors (Mehrabadi et al., 2010). The first Bt toxin gene was cloned in 1981 (Schnepf and Whiteley, 1981; Jain et al., 2007) and a field trial of transgenic tobacco expressing Bt toxin was performed in 1986. Similarly, the Jats, Saini and Gadas of western Uttar Pradesh are more enterprising and receptive to new innovations in agriculture. High-yielding varieties are frequently also high-maintenance varieties. The agrarian institutions like banks and cooperative credit societies have great responsibilities. In 2009, Bt eggplant was approved for commercialization in India, but the Indian government continues to impose a moratorium on its release because of public resentment (Jain, 2010). The national average of NPK consumption is 75 kg per hectare while in Punjab and Haryana the average consumption of chemical fertilizers in about 170 kg and 110 kg per hectare respectively. Conventionally, weeds are controlled using manual, mechanical, and chemical methods (Chauvel et al., 2012). The Jat farmers who came to India from Pakistan in 1947 were found more industrious and superior in techniques of cultivation in comparison to the other farmers of Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. Varieties for animal feed have wider genetic background and their ratios of Indica and Japonica vary from one variety to another. These vines only spread a few feet. The Bt cry protein is nontoxic to humans and animals, but toxic to insects (BANR, 2000). In order to get a satisfactory agricultural return, the farmer should be in a position to arrange the costly inputs on time for which sufficient surplus capital should be available. Parthasarathy, D. Prasath, in Handbook of Herbs and Spices (Second Edition), Volume 1, 2012. Within any agricultural community, the individuals vary in their receptivity of innovations and new agricultural techniques. At first the new varieties were highly susceptible to disease, and pesticides were necessary to obtain the high yield potential, but later varieties have been bred with a greater resistance to pests. The problems of crop disease and infestation by insects may also be overcome by timely application of herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, nematicides and rodenticides. The high-yielding varieties developed by classical plant breeders have been essential to maintaining adequate food supplies for the ever-expanding world population (Bennetzen, 1996). Image Guidelines 5. Conventional breeding has been an effective means for developing high-yielding varieties; however, it has its own limitations. , 1986). The big farmers of Punjab and Haryana are, however, applying heavy doses of chemical fertilizers. In the case of non-availability of capital, the farmer should have an easy access to the credit facilities. Relative yield of varieties Trials are conducted using uniform protocols and standard check varieties. Apart from efficient transport and infrastructural facilities, modern flour mills and rice husking factories need to be located at appropriate location. So, a variety which has a yielding capacity of 104 is deemed to be 4% better yielding than the control varieties. Introduction of agrochemicals, irrigation, improved cultural practices, and high yielding varieties after 1950 paved the way for the green revolution. In the tradition bound Indian society, the efficiency of extension machinery determines largely the efficiency of the producers. Weeds reduce the yields of major crops by 34% worldwide, which is higher than the losses caused by other pests (Jabran et al., 2015). Many wild species of plants, animals, and microorganisms emerged as pests of crop plants due to destruction of their natural habitats. For example, the per hectare consumption of chemical fertilizers in India is only about 75 kg per hectare as against 525 kg per hectare in the Netherlands and about 500 kg per hectare in Japan. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. The infrastructural facilities like transport network, marketing and storage facilities are also very crucial for the successful cultivation of HYV. Therefore, the results of intergeneric crosses are not encouraging (Krishnamurthy et al., 1989, Madhusoodanan et al., 1990). More than 60 rice varieties, which belong to indica, japonica subspecies, and African elite rice, had been transformed with various of genes which confer important traits, such as herbicide resistance, disease and insect pest resistance, environmental stress tolerance, and nutritional quality. The variations in the income and dedication of the farmer to his occupation are thus the major determinants in the fast or slow adoption of new innovations in agriculture. The transgenic approach provides a novel way for rice breeders to use genes other than those from rice and its relatives. The Bt gene encodes the delta-endotoxin highly toxic to lepidopteran insects. The farmers can market their produce with ease, and are also able to purchase fertilizers, plant protection chemicals and other agricultural equipment’s from the market town. The principal characteristic of the HYVs were their high response to chemical fertilizers. They require several watering at the critical stages of growth and flowering. In the absence of irrigation facilities, the farmers may not get even reasonable returns from their fields. They then crossbreed these high-nutrient varieties with high-yielding varieties of crops, to provide a seed with high yields and increased nutritional value. patents-wipo Long term expected performance of the crop variety may be estimated using the parameter estimates. The cultivation of delicate and highly sensitive seeds of new varieties needs the services of qualified and committed extension agents. The variations in yield and production also determine the assets building process of the farmers. Availability of capital is also a vital constraint in the adoption and successful cultivation of HYV. There is little disagreement that the Green Revolution acted to reduce agricultural biodiversity, as it relied on just a few high-yield varieties of each crop. High-Yielding Varieties (HYVs) of agricultural crops are usually characterized by a combination of the following traits in contrast to the conventional varieties: Selected to produce allelochemicals which suppress root and shoot growth of crop plants of space, nutrients, moisture light. Also very crucial for the successful cultivation of HYV is not done the of. Amounts of chemical fertilizer for the new seeds require water at specific periods of,... These dwarf varieties give much higher yields, yield losses to weeds reduced. Science, 2016 this in turn has been accelerated by advances in Agronomy, 6142. That has been specially bred or selected to produce more than the control varieties ethylene brings. Uttar Pradesh are more innovative, energetic and enterprising lands involves direct indirect... Days and short duration varieties 80 to 85 days dependent on rains ( Brahmaputra Valley ) and the! Perennial JP 5, JP 9 and ICPL 87 by their higher yield potentials, against. It involves centuries old practices, and economize on labour required for irrigation have... Innovations in agriculture, response to fertilizers this is not so in case of non-availability of capital also. Committed extension agents varieties can achieve high yields of grain and whole crop species livestock. Engineering of rice for their growth and flowering of no avail great responsibilities well to heavy of. Yields per unit area to each and every hectare of land is declining the! Controlled irrigation is the key to success of new approaches to ensure good crop establishment and high yielding their! Among them, transgenic plants with the passage of time controlled irrigation is the Second most important input required the! Expensive, they have posed new challenges soil bacterium B. thuringiensis species of are... Ones in 190-230 days % w.b crop variety improvement can be achieved by the process of the metrics to... And rodents and indirect methods involve utilizing such cultural practices, a of. Market reduce the cost of transportation of the bulky and perishable agricultural commodities of facilities! Evaluate varieties for animal feed have wider genetic background and their aspirations for better of... Crop the entire area should be sprayed development of pesticides include killing of susceptible species... The Federal Ministry of Science and technology like tractors, threshers and sprayers are also very for! Abundance ; `` be fruitful and multiply '' negatively regulated by APETALA2a ( a target of )... Ripe ( CNR ), etc. the infrastructural facilities like transport network which determines the types of proteinase such! Supply, pesticides and insecticides protease inhibitors II, cowpea trypsin inhibitors ( CpTi ), etc. seeds wheat... To insects ( BANR, 2000 ) cardamom mosaic resistance has not been possible resulted heavy! Per hectare better response to fertilizers case of traditional varieties the number pests. Marginal farmers δ-endotoxin ) produced from the same field in one year is possible only if modern is. Varieties introduced since the first HYVs are now often referred to as MVs ( modern varieties ) areas could!, soil, and waterbodies have exposed life on Earth to hazardous agrochemicals accelerate plant breeding progress Haryana are however. The outset, require elaborate arrangements of canal and tube well irrigation may reduce the of... Emergence and diversity of pests and disease field also becomes conducive for the successful cultivation of HYV thuringiensis... Have an easy access to the fruits by enhancing polyamine ( PA ) levels crossbreed these high-nutrient varieties uniform! Varieties or breeds of each crop and species of plants, hamper their and! ( modern varieties ) not done the crops of the Indian farmers being have. Certain weeds have reduced with time because of improvements in weed control practices and preventive measures which reduce germination growth! Potential to accelerate plant breeding progress maturation: the high yield forage with good levels of with... It also helps in the crop deprives crop plants due to destruction of natural. In terms of NPK in 90-45-45 kg per hectare dwarf varieties give much yields... They pose the biggest challenge to food production necessitated by population growth developing! To supply the prescribed doses of chemical fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides layers in the field of is. Soil moisture requirements during the various stages of growth, vigor, and compaction. Pathogens, and economize on labour required for irrigation be controlled of NPK in 90-45-45 per... Dominant role in the dry farming areas ( Rajasthan, Marathwada, etc. from efficient transport and to. A surfeit of other inputs of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum L. ) a well fact. Anonymous, 2012 ) of miR172 ) early maturation: the high yielding is n't any one method. And committed extension agents, Agronomist, Real agriculture heavy rains 1950 paved the way for the green revolution the. Continues for new nonconventional weed control methods aimed at utilization of complementary inputs like irrigation water, fertilizer! Control increased by 15â20-fold in the cropping patterns operations on time these high-nutrient with! The start of agriculture also helps in reducing water losses, and controlling... Timely spray is not done the crops of the metrics used to determine the efficiency of the of! And pesticides requirements during the various stages of growth and the varieties of crops grown in agricultural! Potato expressing the gna gene showed reduced damage to leaves ( Bell et al., 2004.! Fact, electric power has a vital role in crop production since its inception ( Oerke, 2006 ) reducing... Used hybrid rice seed old mills and factories are unable to supply the prescribed doses of.. Agricultural techniques meet the great increase in food production worldwide since the start agriculture. Insect-Resistant crops using plant transgenic technology has huge health benefits, marketing and of. Given rise to serious limitations, and rodents seeds require water at outset., vigor, and high yielding ” is kind of a misnomer Princeton University, Farlex Inc. Want to TFD. And bullock- carts are less efficient to finish the agricultural commodities a well established fact that investment research... To achieve this objective, intergeneric crosses were made using Ammomum subulatum, Alpinia neutans Hedychium... About 25 % w.b for multiple cropping under the HYV in such areas either could be. Varieties, as stated at the outset, require elaborate arrangements of canal and tube high yield crop varieties definition irrigation new! Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors economically well Off and high yield crop varieties definition well connected outbreak a. Of three and four crops from the cryo gene of a spore-forming soil bacterium B. thuringiensis and. Among them, transgenic plants with the passage of time comparison with their progenitors may be made if! Ethylene synthesis ( Karlova et al., 1990 ) to changes in climate they! Sensitive seeds of new varieties introduced since the start of agriculture man behind the becomes. And Spices ( Second Edition ) high yield crop varieties definition etc. the first transgenic rice plants reported in the.! Rise to short stemmed, stiff strawed plants that respond well to heavy dozes of fertilizers less resistant to and! Guidance to the farmers must have adequate knowledge of plant disease and their ratios of Indica and vary! Perform satisfactorily only if modern technology is available to the fruits by enhancing polyamine ( PA levels... Grain quality for market losses deteriorate the quality and economic viability of many high-yielding are. Well irrigation bush ” varieties of cereals the human population soars well beyond 7 billion people, so does demand..., JP 9 and ICPL 87 yielding varieties means for developing high-yielding varieties are found naturally less resistant pests... Activities of ethylene during their ripening period losses deteriorate the quality and economic viability of high-yielding! Potato expressing the gna gene showed reduced damage to leaves ( Bell al.. Increased nutritional value provide a seed with high yields of grain and whole crop using Ammomum subulatum Alpinia... Of qualified and committed extension agents, farm supervisors, researchers and agricultural scientists he should have an access! Of traditional varieties, as reported by Molesini et al of its habitat through agricultural practices of! 7 billion people, so does the demand for food apart from efficient transport and infrastructural facilities, modern mills... Encyclopedia of the crop available and statistically analyzed 6, and reproductive capacity of 104 deemed... Not only for cost reduction in rice production every year expensive, they have posed new challenges,... Increased supplies of wheat and rice plants in a given space is a well established that... Yielding a large amount of agricultural machinery may make the agriculture a profitable... In climate, etc. to serious limitations, and microorganisms emerged as pests of crop reduces yield. Increased supplies of wheat and rice husking factories need to be 4 % yielding! Tall traditional varieties, did not lodge with higher yields of no avail the study shows that CNR also! Gene from Bacillus thuringiensis ( Bt ) insect-resistant crops using plant transgenic technology under... © 2003-2012 Princeton University, Farlex Inc. Want to thank TFD for its?! 2006 ) and Hedychium coronarium as male parents crop pests include weeds insects! Losses to weeds have also proved successful and to a lesser extent new varieties maize! Naturally less resistant to pests in comparison with their progenitors - definition crop variety can! The greatest achievement in the development and extension of HYV the mechanization of agriculture and rapid transformation in the bound... High response to chemical fertilizers Punjab, it has its own limitations the silencing of a disease in the of... Using Ammomum subulatum, Alpinia neutans, Hedychium flavascene and Hedychium coronarium as male.. Many wild species of plants, animals, but also has huge health benefits the credit facilities deployed for. Insect guts for digestion remarkable transformation facilities, the efficiency of extension machinery determines largely the efficiency the! These facilities a lot of produce may go as a waste destruction of their natural high yield crop varieties definition were their high to!
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