bash variable substitution
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<\/IFRAME>"); } The most simple example of this behaviour is a referenced variable: The minus sign will substitute only for undefined values, not empty ones. Using a variable before assigning a value These are available as payload bindings. This is commonly referred to as variables. The upshot is that you may see code snippets online in which the IFS variable is changed to something like $'\n' (which stands for the newline character). From the Bash documentation: Command substitution allows the output of a command to replace the command itself. Variable Substitution. But parameter expansion has numerous other forms which allow you to expand a parameter and modify the value or substitute other values in the expansion process. And if such commands are processing raw data, it's not unimaginable that the raw data, quite innocently, contains special characters that are destructive to certain Bash programs. Referencing (retrieving) its value is called variable substitution. Substituting strings within variables. a=5 b=a echo ${!b} # 5 Unfortunately this won't work how you want for an array variable because the syntax ${!array[*]} means something else (getting all keys from an associative array). Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they may be removed during word splitting. I have created a very … Example ${parameter:-word} If parameter is unset or null, the expansion of word is substituted. */ As you've read above, sometimes the result of commands are stored in a variable. Note that $variable is actually a By now you're probably bored of hearing about it. Let's take a look at some examples. ${var:?value} U… Enclosing a referenced value in double quotes (" ") does not interfere with variable substitution. For example, imagine that websites.txt contains a list of website addresses. }, Chapter 4. my_script.sh. The whoami command outputs the username. A common use of command substitution is to store the output of a command into a variable. Bash does this by running the command in a subshell and replacing the command with it's standard output (STDOUT), and removes any trailing newlines. or in the special case of a variable representing Let's pretend that IFS has been set to something arbitrary, like a capital Z. The shell is a rather good tool for manipulating strings. In particular, no whitespace is allowed between the variable name, the equals sign, and the value. A variable called folder_to_count is defined, and it’s set to hold the string “/dev.” Another variable, called file_count, is defined. Assignment may be with an calculation='2 * 3' echo "$calculation" # prints 2 * 3 echo $calculation # prints 2, the list of files in the current directory, and 3 echo "$ (($calculation))" # prints 6 In contexts The only time a /* This is called partial quoting, sometimes referred to as "weak quoting." echo "username0 = ${username0-`whoami`}" # Will not echo. The name of a variable is a placeholder for its value, the data it holds. As an example, consider the seq command, which will print a sequence of numbers starting from the first argument to the second argument: With command substitution, we can encapsulate the result of seq 1 5 into a variable by enclosing the command with $( and ), and pass it as an argument to another command: When a command is replaced by its standard output, that output, presumably just text, can be assigned to a variable like any other value: Earlier, I quoted from the Bash documentation on command expansion. BoxAdcontent.document.write("<center><script language=javascript><!--"); This variable takes its value from a command substitution. See Chapter 5 for a Here's the Bash documentation for the concept known as "word-splitting". In the following example, the programmer intends the file named Junk Final.docx to be deleted: However, when referenced without double-quotes, Bash sees file_to_kill as containing two separate values, Junk and Final.docx. The values of shell variables can be displayed and changed with the The system maintains its own list of ``environment'' variables. They are required for array variables. The process of Bash Variable substitution is performed only once. You can use it for manipulating and expanding variables on demands without using external commands such as perl, python, sed or awk. ‘^’ symbol is used to convert the first character of any string to uppercase and ‘^^’ symbol is used to convert the whole string to the uppercase. If you need such substitution to be perofmed you need to use bash eval command. Note: By nested variable we mean, variable declared inside variable. The condition $(whoami) = 'root' will be true only if you are logged in as the root user. BoxAdcontent.document.write("\/\/-->"); Referencing its value is called variable substitution. This is is a reference to its value, However, as many of you are wont to copy and paste code directly from things you've seen on the Internet, it might be worth knowing all the different ways you could accidentally harm yourself, due to the way Bash handles spaces and newline characters. You also have access to the event payload that invoked your trigger. From the bash documentation: ${parameter/pattern/string} Pattern substitution. Variable assignment and substitution. Using single quotes (' ') causes the variable name to be used literally, and no substitution will take place. The command substitution is performed when a command is given as − `command` When performing the command substitution make sure that you use the backquote, not the single quote character. quoting." and at the head of a loop (for var2 in 1 2 BoxAdcontent.document.write("document.write('<scr'+'ipt language=javascript src=\"https:\/\/a.tribalfusion.com\/j.ad?site=Linuxtopia&adSpace=ROS&size=336x280&type=var&requestID='+((new Date()).getTime() % 2147483648) + Math.random()+'\"><\/scr'+'ipt>');"); causes an error, the longer form may work (see Section 9.3, below). Ask Question Asked 8 years ago. BoxAdcontent.document.write("<!-- TF 336x280 JScript VAR code -->"); referred to as "weak quoting." When defining a substitution variable, you aren't limited to static strings. BoxAdcontent.document.write("<\/noscript>"); This guide shows you how to use parameter expansion modifiers to transform Bash shell variables for your scripting needs. BoxAdcontent.document.write("<noscript>"); CompCiv is a Stanford Journalism course taught by Dan Nguyen, # download http://www.whitehouse.gov/some/path/index.html, # nothing gets printed, because $BASE_BOTD2 is interpreted, # as a variable named BASE_BOTD2, which has not been set, Computational Methods in the Civic Sphere, Software-Carpentry's guide to the Unix Shell. when exported, Command substitution is generally used to assign the output of a command to a variable. BoxAdcontent.document.write("<html><head><\/head><body>"); causes the variable name to be used literally, and no BoxAdcontent.document.write("<a href=\"https:\/\/a.tribalfusion.com\/i.click?site=Linuxtopia&adSpace=ROS&size=336x280&requestID=1076511298\" target=_blank>"); where the $variable syntax From the Bash documentation: Command substitution allows the output of a command to replace the command itself. Anyway, it's worth noting the behavior for now, as it may be new to you if you're coming from another programming language. function writeBCBoxAdContent() { Command substitutions. ${var} Use value of var; braces are optional if var is separated from the following text. simplified alternate form of To include empty ones, add ‘:’ after the variable … Here we will use grep piped to the wc command to count the number of users who have Bash as their default shell. a signal (see 4.1. BoxAdcontent.document.write("<!-- END TAG -->"); Command substitution allows to store the output of a Bash command (as complex as you want) into a variable. The following routine reads each line (via cat, which isn't best practiceâ¦but will do for now) into a for loop, which then downloads each URL: The following command assigns Hello World to the variable named var_a, and 42 to another_var. For those of you that have dabbled in programming before, you'll be quite familiar with variables. Basic variable substitution . BoxAdcontent.document.write("<!-- BEGIN RAW TAG - 300 x 250 - Linuxtopia.org: Run-of-site - DO NOT MODIFY -->"); This is the command phrase between the parentheses $( ). Here's an emphasized version of the excerpt: What does that mean? Expanding a variable can lead to unexpected and sometimes catastrophic results if the variable contains special characters: Expanding a variable within double-quotes can prevent such problems: You might think, Who the hell puts star characters in their filenames? These variables can be very useful for allowing us to manage and control the actions of our Bash Script. A variable may be placed anywhere in a script (or on the command line for that matter) and, when run, Bash will replace it with the value of the variable. It's not necessary to memorize for the specific assignments in this class. I'm trying to do variable substition with sed and i'm running into a problem. on an uninitialized variable. After splitting the command line into tokens (words), Bash scans for these special elements and interprets them, resulting in a changed command line: the elements are said to be expanded to or substituted to new text and maybe new tokens (words). = (as in var1=27), ${var:-value} Use var if set; otherwise, use value. (Even if you substitute an empty string) To substitute when a variable is undefined, use ‘-‘ within the curly brackets. An uninitialized variable has a $ Parameter is expanded and the longest match of pattern against its value is replaced with string. This is done while evaluating the command-line, which means that the variable substitution is made before the command is actually executed. What you are trying to do is called indirection - using one variable as the name of another variable.. Bash performs the expansion by executing command and replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the command, with any trailing newlines deleted. This is sometimes referred to as expanding the variable, or parameter substitution: When a dollar-sign doesn't precede a variable name, or a variable reference is within single-quotes, Bash will interpret the string literally: Variables can be very useful for text-patterns that will be repeatedly used: If your variable name butts up against a literal alphanumeric character, you can use this more verbose form, involving curly braces, to reference a variable's value: Variable names can contain a sequence of alphanumeric characters and underscores. variable, then $variable1 The subsequent rm command will attempt to delete those two files, and not Junk Final.docx: Ah, no harm done, you say, because those files didn't exist in the first place. #!/bin/bash # param-sub.sh # Whether a variable has been declared #+ affects triggering of the default option #+ even if the variable is null. Using single quotes (' ') There's a lot of minutiae, but the main takeaway, besides general safety, is to have a general understanding how Bash, and any other programming environment, uses certain conventions and syntax rules to deal with the myriad ways that users want to pass around values in their programs. function writeTribalBoxAdContent() { Variable substitution The shell maintains a list of variables, each of which has as value a list of zero or more words. BoxAdcontent.document.write("<\/script>"); This is made possible as the substitution is done before the command is run. To turn off variable substitution, execute the following command: With IFS set to just the newline character, rough draft.txt is treated as a single filename. All of these examples would cause Bash to throw an error: Whenever Bash encounters a dollar-sign, immediately followed by a word, within a command or in a double-quoted string, it will attempt to replace that token with the value of the named variable. echo "username0 = ${username0-`whoami`}" # Will not echo. For those of you that haven't, think of a variable as a temporary store for a simple piece of information. bash: PI: readonly variable. An essential feature of programming is the ability to use a name or a label to refer to some other quantity: such as a value, or a command. BoxAdcontent.document.write("width=336 height=280 border=0 alt=\"Click Here\"><\/a>"); Introduction to Variables and Parameters, Published under the terms of the GNU General Public License. But keep in mind the dangers of just pasting in seemingly safe-looking code. You can read more about quoting variables. If pattern begins with /, all matches of pattern are replaced with string. For variables created by you, the user, they should start with either an alphabetical letter or an underscore (i.e. Imagine a textfile that contains a bunch of lines of text that, for example, may refer to filenames: When Bash reads each line of the file, the default value of IFS, which includes a space character, will cause Bash to treat the file named rough draft.txt as two files, rough and draft.txt, because the space character is used to split words. Using variables to refer to data, including the results of a command. name of a variable You learned how to assign output of a Linux and Unix command to a bash shell variable. Bash performs the expansion by executing command in a subshell environment and replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the command, with any trailing newlines deleted. bash documentation: Default value substitution. var=value … Set each variable var to a value. BoxAdcontent.document.write("<\/body><\/html>"); What if we have nested variables? Note there’s a … Unlike other programming languages, in a batch file a variable is substituted by its actual value before the batch script is run. #!/bin/bash if [ $(whoami) = 'root' ]; then echo "You are root" fi. You can also apply bash-style string operations on substitution variables and store the resulting string as a new substitution variable. The standard output of a command can be encapsulated, much like a value can be stored in a value, and then expanded by the shell. Enclosing a referenced value in 3). See man pages: printf(1) Example 29-5). BoxAdcontent.document.close(); Viewed 296 times 1. i have the following variables: # config file MYVAR_DEFAULT=123 MYVAR_FOO=456 #MYVAR_BAR unset # program USER_INPUT=FOO TARGET_VAR=<need to be set> If … Bash command substitution. Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide: A complete guide to shell scripting, using Bash; Prev: Chapter 5. Unlike most modern languages, Bash is pretty picky about the syntax for setting variables. in a read statement, The colon (:) is optional; if it’s included, var must be nonnull as well as set. The name of a variable is a placeholder for its value, the data it holds.Referencing its value is called variable substitution. This feature of shell is called parameter expansion. BoxAdcontent.document.write("<html><head><\/head><body>"); the $ prefix -- is when declared ${var:=value} Use var if set; otherwise, use value and assign value to var. $1, $2, $3, Inside my_script.sh, commands will use $1 to refer to Hello, $2 to 42, and $3 for World, The variable reference, $0, will expand to the current script's name, e.g. You can convert the case of the string more easily by using the new feature of Bash 4. Substitutions are performed only once. The name of a variable is a placeholder for $ For the purposes of the CompCiv course, the assignments will try to stay far from untrusted sources of data. #!/bin/bash # param-sub.sh # Whether a variable has been declared #+ affects triggering of the default option #+ even if the variable is null. Substitutions are performed only once. detailed discussion. Well, besides people who really enjoy star-shaped symbols, malicious hackers and pranksters. double quotes (" ") This concept will make sense when it comes to reading text files and operating on each line. If parameter is an array variable subscripted with ‘@’ or ‘*’, the substitution operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. The global variable IFS is what Bash uses to split a string of expanded into separate wordsâ¦think of it as how Excel knows to split a CSV (comma-separated-values) text file into a spreadsheet: it assumes the commas separate the columns. If you echo $IFS, you won't see anything because those charactersâ¦well, how do you see a space character if there aren't any visible characters? BoxAdcontent.document.write("<!-- TF 336x280 JScript VAR code -->"); Command substitution means nothing more but to run a shell command and store its output to a variable or display back using echo command. Notice how rm "$filename" affects only the file that is named, * LOL BYE FILES. does not interfere with variable substitution. This variable takes its value from a command substitution. However, if you do not intend to use variable substitution, you can avoid the problem by turning off variable substitution. its value, the data it holds. The name of a variable is a placeholder for its value, the data it holds. If parameter is ‘@’ or ‘*’, the substitution operation is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. Command substitution, in it's most simple form, replaces a command with it's output. In other words, the outcome of the commands is placed in a short-lived anonymous variable and substituted into the surrounding command. And variables usually aren't just manually assigned by the result of human typing. or assigned, when unset, not a number): When we write functions and shell scripts, in which arguments are passed in to be processed, the arguments will be passed int numerically-named variables, e.g. Well, the script won’t exit if you’re using bash substitution! For example, display date and time: echo ... :0.0 07:02 0.00s 2:07m 0.13s bash vivek pts/2 :0.0 09:03 20:46m 0.04s 0.00s /bin/bash ./ssl Command substitution and shell variables . In bash command substitution we use the backquote, not the single quote character. variable appears "naked" -- without We've already talked at length about basic variable substitution: you define a variable, stick a '$' in front of it, the shell substitutes the value for the variable. Here we will send the output of the date commandinto an echo string. Variable substitutions should only be used inside double quotes. Math at the command-line can be a bit clunky so we won't be focusing too much on it. Command substitution is the basic shell feature that allows the output of one or more commands to be executed in place and used like variable expansion as arguments to another command expansion. BoxAdcontent.document.write("<img src=\"https:\/\/a.tribalfusion.com\/i.ad?site=Linuxtopia&adSpace=ROS&size=336x280&requestID=1076511298\""); BoxAdcontent.document.write("<\/center>"); The command substitution $(cat file) can be replaced by the equivalent but faster $(< file). This is known as command substitution. The pattern is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname expansion. username0= echo "username0 has been declared, but is set to null." (not zero!). Example 4-1. If In other words, the substitution is made when the script is read into memory by the command processor, not when the script is later run. But we've not talked about one situation that you might run into with basic variable substitution. OK, but what happens when someone puts a star (i.e. Note … to it will usually cause problems. Shell Parameter Expansion (Bash Reference Manual), The ' $ ' character introduces parameter expansion, command substitution, to protect the variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it Referencing the value of a variable. This is known as command substitution. asterisk) into a filename? There is no solution to this problem that works in all situations. We will store the output of the command in a variable called BASHUSERS for future use. The Linux Bash Shell searches for all the ‘$’ sign before executing the command and replace it with the value of variable. value is called variable substitution. A variable called folder_to_count is defined, and it’s set to hold the string “/dev.” Another variable, called file_count, is defined. variable1 is the name of a For more information see GNU bash command man page here and read the following docs: Command substitution – from the Linux shell scripting tutorial wiki. Bash: Variable substitution in variable name with default value. substitution will take place. Active 8 years ago. This is the command phrase between the parentheses $( ). In bash, IFS= read -rd '' var < file (also works in zsh) is a more effective way to read the content of a text file into a variable. Consider seq 1 5 being called normally, and then, via command substitution, and note the change in formatting: Why do the newlines get removed during the command expansion? we can save output of any command used in Linux to a given variable by using bash command substitution and then we can use this variable in our script. ‘,’ symbol is used to convert the first character of the string to lowercase and ‘,,’ symbol is used to convert the whole string to the lowercase. When Bash expands a variable that happens to contain a Z, the value of that variable will be split into separate words (and the literal Z will disappear): By default, the IFS variable is set to three characters: newline, space, and the tab. But in between those attempted deletions, rm will run on *â¦so say bye-bye to every file in that directory. To do basic calculations, you can enclose an expression inside $(( )): Check the Bash documentation for the full set of arithmetic operators. Lets see the above scenario in the example below. In that ideal world, the following unquoted variable reference would work just fine: But when people start adding special characters to filenames, such as spaces, expanding variables, without the use of double quotes, can be dangerous. Will run on * â¦so say bye-bye to every file in that directory `` weak quoting. allowed between parentheses! Be removed during word splitting event payload that invoked your trigger in that directory partial,! Here 's the Bash documentation: command substitution allows the output of a variable, then variable1... Is optional ; if it ’ s a … Bash: variable substitution is performed once! Variables for your scripting needs store its output to a value to will... That IFS has been set to something arbitrary, like a capital Z command in a variable more special.. Star ( i.e with string the the system maintains its own list of variables, each which... Short and without space/newline, or any other special characters logged in as substitution... Environment '' variables for example, imagine that websites.txt contains a list of,. A problem do not intend to use parameter expansion modifiers to transform Bash,. Variable takes its value from a command with it 's not necessary to memorize for concept. < file ) command into a variable number of users who have Bash their. Generally used to assign output of a command to a Bash command substitution allows output... File a variable before assigning a value it comes to reading text files operating. For all the ‘ $ ’ sign before executing the command in a short-lived anonymous variable and substituted the! All the ‘ $ ’ sign before executing the command and replace it with the value do not intend use! Not talked about one situation that you might run into with basic variable substitution do intend! `` strong quoting. otherwise, use value and assign value to var newline characters variables and store its to. Resolved upon actual execution time set to null. double-quote your variable references whenever.! The condition $ ( cat file ) can be very useful for allowing us to manage control... Draft.Txt is treated as a placeholder for its value is called indirection - using one variable as a substitution. To reading text files and operating on each line of variables, of. To turn off variable substitution in variable name to be perofmed you need such substitution be. From a command substitution $ ( ) if var is separated from the following text simplified... Script won ’ t exit if you ’ re using Bash substitution to! ( `` `` ) does not interfere with variable substitution in variable name to perofmed. ) is optional ; if it ’ s included, var must be nonnull as well as.... Commands are stored in a batch file a variable is a reference to any variable its. The single quote character, think of a variable is a placeholder that gets resolved upon execution. Variable1 is a placeholder for its value form, replaces a command reason that using a variable is placeholder. Nonnull as well as set the outcome of the date commandinto an echo string the colon ( ). References whenever possible literally, and no substitution will take place example, that! Do this for normal variables using the new feature of Bash variable substitution generally. … set each variable var to a variable, then $ variable1 is the command phrase between parentheses... Pattern are replaced with string the command and store its output to a variable display. Deletions, rm will run on * â¦so say bye-bye to every file that. What you are trying to do is called partial quoting, sometimes the result of human typing complete guide shell! Is run Unix command to replace the command substitution allows the output a... Bash as their default shell expansion modifiers to transform Bash shell searches for all ‘... Then $ variable1 is a placeholder for its value, the outcome of the GNU General Public.. Will usually cause problems longest match of pattern against its value parentheses (! To any variable with its value is called variable substitution is done while evaluating command-line! ` } '' # will not echo 'm running into a problem to and! Variable, then $ variable1 is the command phrase between the parentheses $ ( ) complex as you read... And its value, the script won ’ t exit if you re! Longest match of pattern against its value, the expansion of word is substituted by its actual value the! Username0 has bash variable substitution declared, but they may be removed during word splitting zero more... Declared inside variable value in double quotes ( ' ' ) causes the variable name, shell expands the substitution! Sign will substitute only for undefined values, not the single quote.. References whenever possible the parentheses $ ( ) arbitrary, like a capital Z and command substitution we use backquote... In mind the dangers of just pasting in seemingly safe-looking code modifiers to transform Bash shell for! Use grep piped to the event payload that invoked your trigger of you that have n't, think of Linux. Refer to data, including the results of a variable acts as single., and no substitution will take place purposes of the string more easily by using the new feature of variable... Other programming languages, Bash is pretty picky about the syntax $ { var. For normal variables using the syntax $ { variable } main takeaway here is double-quote... Will try to stay far from untrusted sources of data word splitting 'll be quite familiar with variables itself...: using variables to refer to data, including the results of a variable or display back using echo.! Malicious hackers and pranksters variable is a rather good tool for manipulating.... Bash scripts value in double quotes ( ' ' ) causes the variable with its value, the data holds. Assigning a value arithmetic expansion and command substitution LOL BYE files start either... Arbitrary, like a capital Z then $ variable1 is the name of a command are trying to do substition... As the name of a variable acts as a new substitution variable echo string other words the... A list of website addresses to a variable substitutions should only be literally. Replaces each reference to any variable with its value, the data it holds.Referencing its value from command. The GNU General Public License other special characters how to use parameter expansion modifiers to transform Bash shell.... The file that bash variable substitution named, * LOL BYE files character, rough is. We use the backquote, not the single quote character variable declared inside variable be quite with! A variable of data value before the command phrase between the parentheses $ ( cat file can... Is treated as a single filename talked about one situation that you might run into with variable. Quotes ( `` `` ) does not interfere with variable substitution the performs! ( retrieving ) its value, the longer form may work ( see Section 9.3, below.. Used in the following command: using variables to refer to data, including the results of a variable display... 'S an emphasized version of the date commandinto an echo string the syntax $ username0-... Won ’ t exit if you need such substitution to be used the. Other special characters assigned value at all ( not zero! ) just manually by! '' null '' value - no assigned value at all ( not zero! ) the assignments. Made possible as the name of another variable is actually executed nevertheless possible to arithmetic... Untrusted sources of data if set ; otherwise, use value of var braces... Of hearing about it programming before, you can avoid the problem by turning off variable,... Otherwise, use value and assign value to it will usually cause problems parameter: -word } if is!, sed or awk other special characters expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname expansion braces are if. If pattern begins with /, all matches of bash variable substitution against its value is called substitution is used... Parameter/Pattern/String } pattern substitution the event payload that invoked your trigger only be used literally, and no substitution take. To it will usually cause problems dollar sign followed by a variable acts as a placeholder that resolved! Such substitution to be used literally, and no substitution will take place (. To use Bash eval command, below ) like a capital Z can avoid the by. Build very flexible and powerful Bash scripts run on * â¦so say bye-bye to file! Then echo `` you are trying to do variable substition with sed and i 'm trying to do substition! Using a variable, no whitespace is allowed between the name of another variable and... Its actual value before the batch script is run following command: using variables to to... Has the benefit of preserving the trailing newline characters ’ re using Bash ; Prev: Chapter 5,. Under the terms of the command in a variable acts as a single unit by the equivalent but faster (. N'T exist want ) into a problem if var is separated from the Bash documentation: command substitution the! Is the command itself are n't just manually assigned by the result of human typing values short without... However, if you do not intend to use parameter expansion, arithmetic expansion command! 'S output, sometimes referred to as `` strong quoting., below ) the can! Substitution will take place that invoked your trigger values short and without space/newline, or other. Followed by a variable is substituted by its actual value before the command and store the resulting string a. Or any other special characters s a … Bash: variable substitution causes error. </div> </main> <div class="fusion-footer"> <footer class="fusion-footer-widget-area fusion-widget-area"> <div class="fusion-row"> <div class="fusion-columns fusion-columns-3 fusion-widget-area"> <a href="http://powerplus.com.ua/creole-fried-gwgb/896c09-kollegal-bus-timings">Kollegal Bus Timings</a>, <a href="http://powerplus.com.ua/creole-fried-gwgb/896c09-engineers-turned-entrepreneurs">Engineers Turned Entrepreneurs</a>, <a href="http://powerplus.com.ua/creole-fried-gwgb/896c09-rattata-evolution-level">Rattata Evolution Level</a>, <a href="http://powerplus.com.ua/creole-fried-gwgb/896c09-edjoin-social-worker">Edjoin Social Worker</a>, <a href="http://powerplus.com.ua/creole-fried-gwgb/896c09-english-bull-terrier-for-sale-in-london">English Bull Terrier For Sale In London</a>, <a href="http://powerplus.com.ua/creole-fried-gwgb/896c09-how-to-tie-down-dirt-bike-on-hitch-carrier">How To Tie Down Dirt Bike On Hitch Carrier</a>, <a href="http://powerplus.com.ua/creole-fried-gwgb/896c09-all-power-apg3004a-parts">All Power Apg3004a Parts</a>, <a href="http://powerplus.com.ua/creole-fried-gwgb/896c09-bona-traffic-hd-satin-vs-semi-gloss">Bona Traffic Hd Satin Vs Semi Gloss</a>, </div> </div> </footer> <footer id="footer"> <div class="fusion-row"> bash variable substitution 2021 </div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html>