Raid des Arabes en Asie Mineure, jusqu'au Bosphore. Did it give her a credibility that other empresses did not have? Irene negotiated a marriage between Constantine and Charlemagne’s daughter, Rotrude (Erythro), when the two were children. Irene of Athens was the wife of the Byzantine Emperor Leo IV and mother of Constantine VI, both strong iconoclasts.She ruled jointly with her son, Constantine, after the death of her husband Leo. They ought to have an online or paper dictionary for words they do not recognize, and they should discuss the context of those words among themselves. The female sex was known to be incapable of governing, and by the old Salic tradition was debarred from doing so. He became king of the Franks in 768 following his father's death, initially as co-ruler with his brother Carloman I, until the latter’s death in 771. Who, in other words, was qualified to pass judgement on the Vicar of Christ? On 803, Irene of Athens and Charlemagne married, fusing the Byzantine and Frankish Empire. He continued his father's policy towards the … I have found the video on Hagia Sophia from PBS’ series Nova (available online at http://www.pbs.org/video/2365432635/) to be very useful for discussing Justinian and his reign. The video focuses on a modern earthquake team testing the structure for both past solidity and future potential damage. The war was carried on by sea, under King Pepin, and in 812, after the death of Nicephorus, a Byzantine embassy at Aachen actually addressed Charles as Basileus . That will turn people against him. The homework assignments can be done in class, assigned to be completed at home, or not used at all. Selon l'historien byzantin contemporain Théophane, le projet aurait échoué à cause d'un des favoris d'Irène. Charlemagne’s relationship with his daughters has raised eyebrows for twelve centuries. At the same time prestige in the west was falling as a result of the rise of the Carolingian Empire and events were brought to a head by the crowning at Rome in 800 of Charlemagne as emperor of the West, which was no doubt designed as a gesture by the Pope to indicate that he no longer owed allegiance to the Byzantine emperors. Three Approaches to Teaching “Pearl”: Introduction to Literature, British Literature I, and the Mythology of J. R. R. Tolkien, 7. Was he thinking to make himself, “But the fall in 751 of Ravenna, the centre of the Byzantine exarchate in central Italy, and the inability of Constantine V to halt the Lombards because of his intensive military campaigns against the Bulgars and the Arabs, isolated the papacy. She is most remembered for her marriage to Charlemagne in 803, unifying the Franks and the Byzantines. « L’Impératrice, en 802, décida de se rapprocher de Charlemagne(en 781, elle lui avait déjà proposé de marier sa fille Hermengarde avec Constantin VI.). Le roi des Francs, au cours d’un voyage à Rome, avait été couronné Empereur des Romains, le 25 décembre 800, par le pape Léon III. And Does It Make a Difference? Would there have been a Renaissance without ’s support and formation of the Council of Nicea? Charles married Juliana, who was his first cousin once removed. Although most historians suggest that Irene would never have been chosen to marry Leo IV if she had been pro-icon (either privately or publicly), I ask students if this is consistent with the woman who almost single-handedly overturns over fifty years of anti-icon policy in Constantinople. Although that image is an Irene, it is not our Irene and so it provides an opportunity for discussing the veracity of internet sources, particularly in image searches. He had at least eight productive partners, two of whom were the other two definitely legal wives, and another of whom (the first of his partners) had a relationship that only some publications say was a legal marriage. Failing that, Lothair and Louis split his empire and Charles the Bald goes off to head Byzantium, and nothing changes except the dynasty. The fact is that this absolute power had a weakness. I think that might lead to an uneasy peace, but would only delay the split until a later date in the future. What visual clues can I give to the observer that this is a divine figure and not just a man? At the same time prestige in the west was falling as a result of the rise of the Carolingian Empire and events were brought to a head by the crowning at Rome in 800 of Charlemagne as emperor of the West, which was no doubt designed as a gesture by the Pope to indicate that he no longer owed allegiance to the Byzantine emperors. Irène noue des relations diplomatiques avec l’empereur d’Occident, Charlemagne (un mariage aurait été envisagé ; selon l’historien byzantin contemporain Théophane, le projet échoua à cause d’un des favoris d’Irène ; cependant, le biographe de Charlemagne, Eginhard, n’en parle pas). Mais Irène fut détrônée avant que la mission franque eût repris le chemin du retour (2). I designed this four-part lesson as part of a larger unit on the early Middle Ages which questions the reasons why we have always perceived Charlemagne’s kingdom as the natural successor to the Roman Empire. How would European and world history have altered? Charlemagne et Irène. Gui de Cambrai’s Barlaam and Josaphat: A Primer of Medieval Christian Concepts for Undergraduates*, 5. She was married by Constantine V, ruler of the Eastern Empire, to his son, the future Leo IV, in 769.Their son was born just a little over a year after the marriage. For Justinian’s reconquest of Rome, I suggest to students that for sixth-century residents of Constantinople, the memory of Rome’s fall to barbarian tribes would be roughly equivalent to our remembrance of World War II. The idea of a single emperor was deep set, and this event marked more than anything else the split between Italy and Byzantium as well as that between the Latin and the Orthodox Churches. There was now an empire of the east and one of the west as well, and the Byzantine monopoly was broken. It is unclear why she was selected as the bride for the young Leo IV. I think the decision to marry Charlemagne would cause Empress Irene a great deal of political trouble back home. Avars, 59. They are allowed to also use contemporary images or photoshop or cut and paste their own images and ideas if they are appropriate and topical. It was for the emperors of the Macedonian line ‘to give imperial branches of dynasty.’ Thenceforward it was more difficult to overthrow so firmly rooted a tree; an imperial family now existed, whose members were given the name of Porphyrogeniti, and it is from this period that we may trace an increasing emphasis on legitimacy …Even usurpers respected the lawful dynasty, and among the people there grew up an attachment – a loyalist devotion – to the ruling house. I give them a few minutes to write down what they think her reaction was. Il y aurait eu un projet de mariage entre Irène et Charlemagne. Irene of Athens (c.752-30 September 806), also known as Irene Sarantapechos, was the Byzantine Empress regnant from 797 to 806. Charlemagne, king of the Franks (768–814), king of the Lombards (774–814), and first emperor (800–814) of what was later called the Holy Roman Empire. wished to marshal an expedition against Sicily, but desisted, wanting instead to marry Irene. rebellion? Le projet de mariage entre. @toi Pour répondre à cette question et savoir si Irène et Charlemagne vont se marier, tu vas devoir chercher qui sont-ils, quelles sont leurs ressemblances/points communs et leurs différences, en complétant une fiche. Irène, épouse de Léon IV, a d'abord été régente durant la minorité de son fils Constantin VI. Constantine VI and his mother Irene struggled for power (this may include details such as Constantine trying to arrest a eunuch at the court who served as one of Irene’s chief advisors or that Irene tried to gain control over the army) What we do know, from the Byzantine chronicler Theophanes (Collins 153), is that Charlemagne's reaction to his coronation was to take the initial steps toward securing the Constantinopolitan throne by sending envoys of marriage to Irene, and that Irene reacted somewhat favorably to them. Le mariage entre Charlemagne et Irène va-t-il avoir lieu ? The advantage of this lesson is that it can be modified in a number of ways. Irene of Athens Biography: Irene came from a noble family in Athens. Other students will point out that Rome and Constantinople had never had a female ruler, so it would not be surprising that people would question her legitimacy. That the Empress was notorious for having blinded and murdered her own son was, in the minds of both Leo and Charles, almost immaterial: it was enough that she was a woman. Les symboles de leur pouvoir sont entourés en rouge. Whether you use the postcard assignment, the essays or any of the material above, the students have some exposure to long-neglected Byzantine history and a chance to re-interpret the traditional story of Charlemagne, anchoring it in its more complex framework. 4. Student Scholarly Identity and Multimodal Making with a Digital Anthology Project, 4. Irene Jane Levin (født 11. februar 1943 i Norrköping) er en norsk akademiker og forfatter. Irène devient impératrice régnante en 797. Sa belle-mère est Tzitzak et son beau-père est Constantin V. Son fils Constantin VI étant trop jeune pour gouverner, Irène l'Athénienne parvient à faire écarter ses beaux-frères Nicéphore et Christophore et à se faire reconnaître régente de l'Empire, ce qui n'est pas sans attirer le mécontentement de l'armée. Skills: Reading symbolism in art, crafting historical arguments from historical evidence. En 781, le mariage entre Constantin, le fils d’Irène et Hermengarde, la fille de Charlemagne est proposé car Irène fait partie de l’empire Byzantin et Charlemagne de l’empire Carolingien. Charlemagne died in 814 and was laid to rest in Aachen Cathedral in his imperial capital city of Aachen. If Charlemagne was defeated, groups such as the Saxons would rebel, 60. Students are provided with an image of Irene from Byzantine coins. I begin by asking students to go to the following websites and examine the images there: http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/icon/hd_icon.htm, http://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/features/byzantine/icons.html. They particularly enjoy the postcard assignment which allows them to work in a creative way and it also, as I wrote above, encourages them to re-visit the icons and artwork from day one as they search for appropriate images. Empress Irene was the wife of Leo IV and, on her husband’s death, she reigned as regent for her son Constantine VI from 780 to 790 CE. 0. Charlemagne married in 771 at Aachen to Hildegarde of Vinzgau, and they had the following children: Pépin (I), King of Italy; Charles the younger, Duke of Ingelheim, born 772 and died 811 before his father. If this empire had formed would it have been possible for it to reconquer the lost parts of the empire, and reform the lost institutions of the empire. Additionally, the students see that the building, as exotic as it looks, is essentially a pagan, Roman design (a basilica and a dome, inspired by Roman law courts and the massive dome of the Pantheon) reinforcing the idea that Byzantines were still Romans in many ways. In the case of the source above, an indiction was a fifteen-year cycle used for dating documents in both Byzantine and some western sources. Why does Einhard mention Ravenna? Are these clues enough to make it theologically acceptable to draw God? Theoretically a man became Emperor either through election by Senate, people, and Army, or by the decree of the reigning Emperor, who, during his lifetime, designated and installed at his side a successor chosen by qualification of birth, adoption, or association. Charlemagne (747-814), despite having two legal wives who bore him no children, had about 20 children. We then come together as a group and each small group reports on their source, summarizing the argument of each and we discuss the similarities and differences among the four, deciding whether there is a consensus in the argument. I ask the students to imagine what Irene’s thoughts might have been when she received news of Charlemagne’s coronation. When I teach the end of the Roman world, I move to Byzantium with the founding of Constantinople and we spend several lessons discussing Constantine’s shift of the capital, the reign of Justinian and Theodora (particularly the re-conquering of Western Rome and the building of Hagia Sophia), and the attitudes of Byzantines towards the West, particularly the idea that Byzantine rulers always considered themselves Roman. We usually begin by sharing research from the homework: what did the students discover about Irene? Irene found another bride for Constantine, Maria, who was not given the title of empress when they married. _____ Lietz her heidine man. Did he think to unite the two kingdoms despite the distance between them? He also had numerous illegitimate children with his concubines. Why does Einhard discuss Charlemagne’s generosity towards Christians? The female sex was known to be incapable of governing, and by the old Salic tradition was debarred from doing so. Post-PoD. They then hang the posters around the room and swap places for silent commentary. An essay rubric follows: (a modified form from the AP rubrics). In other words, Irene entered a foreign city that allowed no images in churches or homes, and yet within decades she had managed to call a Church council that would bring icons back in both worship and in private use. Sometimes students will search online for Irene and produce the mosaic from Hagia Sophia. Now, here’s the best way to think about the Frankish-Saxon Wars – the Franks are the big, armored, sword-wielding Teutonic knight-looking German warriors you picture when you think about the Holy Roman Empire or maybe like the Siegfried legend or something. Students choose one of the Einhard topics about Charlemagne that we read (personal dress, appearance, habits, studies, generosity and coronation) and write a similar short passage in the same biographical style about Irene. Irene was a strong iconodule.She arranged the convening of the Second Council of Nicea in 787 that restored the practice of veneration of icons. Race and Ethnicity: Saracens and Jews in Middle English Literature, 1. The result was that three years later Pope Stephen II journeyed beyond the Alps to meet the Frankish ruler Pepin – a step which started the famous partnership between the Carolingians and the papacy and culminated in Charlemagne’s coronation by the pope in Rome on 25 December 800This act deeply disturbed the Byzantines because it violated the principle of one empire, and they attempted to oppose Charles’ usurpation. En tant Answers will vary, 55. Although that image is, I ask the students to imagine what Irene’s thoughts might have been when she received news of Charlemagne’s coronation. The ‘Dante vivo’ Project, Florence, Italy, 3. Wherever he heard that there were Christians living in poverty — Syria, Egypt, Africa, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Carthage — he had compassion on … On occasion, it can be helpful to brainstorm some ideas before students sit down to write the essay, although it can also lead students down a path that isn’t original. The homework assignment required students to read their brief textbook account of Charlemagne’s kingdom (usually 1-2 pages depending which textbook we are using), and to look up online how Irene came to be empress . Marriage of Irene and Charlemagne: 803 - Unification Wars: 806-831 - Raid of Paris: 845 - First Viking Wars: 845-864 Currency: Denier : The Frankish Empire, also called Francia, Kingdom of the Franks, or the Frankish Kingdom was the territory inhabited by the Franks from c.3rd Century until its complete merge with the Byzantine Empire into the Carolingian Union in 893. The result was that three years later Pope Stephen II journeyed beyond the Alps to meet the Frankish ruler Pepin – a step which started the famous partnership between the Carolingians and the papacy and culminated in Charlemagne’s coronation by the pope in Rome on 25 December 800This act deeply disturbed the Byzantines because it violated the principle of one empire, and they attempted to oppose Charles’ usurpation. The emergence of the western empire is the most spectacular moment in the rise of a new society in western Europe.… As the centuries passed the two societies grew apart in political, social, economic, culture and spiritual life and their separate development is the basis of the difference between western and eastern Europe in modern time.”, “By whom, however could [the Pope] be tried [for crowning Charlemagne]? Some students will argue in her favor that she was empress when her husband died, so there should be no question about her right to rule. They are encouraged to write comments and questions on the post-its. Elle le fait énucléer pour son manque de clairvoyance et il en meurt. Charlemagne Carolingian, Duke of Bavaria, King of the Franks, King of the Lombards, Holy Roman Emperor, was born 2 April 747 in Herstal, Belgium to Pepin the Short (714-768) and Bertrada of Laon (720-783) and died 28 January 814 in Aachen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany of unspecified causes. He married Hildegard (758-783) 771. Does that lend additional weight to Irene’s role as emperor? Les deux empires ont évangélisé de nouveaux peuples en Europe centrale et orientale et leurs empereurs ont fait construire de somptueuses églises comme La chapelle d’Aix par Charlemagne et Sainte Sophie à Constantinople par Justinien (VI ès.) Goal: By the end of class, students will have a brief timeline of Irene’s tenure as emperor and be able to identify and understand major social aspects of Charlemagne’s life, how he wished to be perceived, and identify political reasons why he was crowned. Irène venait d’une famille noble à Athènes. In the following year –, the tenth indiction – he dispatched ambassadors to gain. Cet aspect est rarement mis en valeur par les historiens. In Einhard’s famous phrasing, “[H]e kept them close beside him at home until his death, saying that he could not stand to be parted from their company.”1.Einhard, Life of Charlemagne, ch.19, in Charlemagne’s Courtier, ed. It was for the emperors of the Macedonian line ‘to give imperial branches of dynasty.’ Thenceforward it was more difficult to overthrow so firmly rooted a tree; an imperial family now existed, whose members were given the name of Porphyrogeniti, and it is from this period that we may trace an increasing emphasis on legitimacy …Even usurpers respected the lawful dynasty, and among the people there grew up an attachment – a loyalist devotion – to the ruling house. En effet pour rétablir l'unité impériale, un mariage etait envisagé entre l'empereur Charlemagne et la "basileus" Irène. Creative Translation and Old English Poetry: A Teaching Technique, 6. That the Empress was notorious for having blinded and murdered her own son was, in the minds of both Leo and Charles, almost immaterial: it was enough that she was a woman. Although Charlemagne and Irene both consider themselves the rightful Roman Emperor, does one of them have a stronger claim? Constantine decided that he wasn’t particularly fond of his wife, Maria, and had her exiled (along with their two daughters.) Mais finalement, c'est un mariage qui ne se fera pas car les deux empires ont beaucoup trop de différences. But bearing the idea in mind, what if in 801 Irene had offered Charlemagne a proposal of marriage, with the idea in theory of reuniting the "Roman People" against an outside threat. Constantine remarried. They are allowed to do outside research, but it is not necessary. Irène devient impératrice régnante en 797. D’abord hésitant, Charlemagne se montre finalement ouvert à la proposition byzantine et donne son accord pour un futur mariage entre leurs enfants (le projet sera finalement abandonné). As far as Western Europe was concerned, the Throne of the Emperors was vacant: Irene’s claim to it was merely an additional proof, if any were needed, of the degradation into which the so-called Roman Empire had fallen.”6, “But (Irene’s) rule was not very successful. I then project onscreen for students a number of other icons from the time period (8th – 10th century) and ask students for descriptors and for their speculations about the symbolism. They disapproved of Charlemagne's marriage to Fastrada, 54. Désirée est une princesse de sang royal et un parti bien plus prestigieux que ne pouvait l’être la pauvre Himiltrude. The second day’s lesson on iconoclasm can be omitted altogether for the sake of time, and the essays can be used alone, without the other writing prompts, although they are most effective when students have enough time to process the material over several days. Charlemagne est couronné empereur d'Occident en 800 par le Pape Léon III, dont il est le seul à pouvoir assurer la protection. What were Einhard’s reasons for Charlemagne being crowned Emperor? To wrap up with an active assignment, I ask students to theorize what might have occurred had Charlemagne and Irene married. En tant Han forente det meste av Vest-Europa i tidlig middelalder.Han var den første anerkjente keiser som styrte fra Vest-Europa siden Vestromerriket falt sammen tre århundrer tidligere. In 798 she opened diplomatic relations with the Western emperor Charlemagne, and in 802 a marriage between her and Charlemagne was reportedly contemplated.According to the contemporary Byzantine historian Theophanes, the scheme was frustrated by one of Irene’s favourites. She negotiated a marriage between her son, Constantine, and Rotrude, a daughter of Charlemagne by his third wife, Hildegard. Charlemagne envoie donc Himiltrude dans un couvent où elle finira ses jours. In this year – the ninth indiction – on December 25 Charles, the king of the Franks was crowned by Pope Leo. 10% du temps soit 4 heures : contextualisation : carte de la. The essential question students come to grips with is: I have found the video on Hagia Sophia from PBS’ series, I then project onscreen for students a number of other icons from the time period (8. If Charlemagne and empress Irene married, and somehow aquired the same heir, would it have been possible to create a reformed Roman empire from the union of the two states. Skills: Comparison and Contextualization, Historical Interpretation and Synthesis. Charlemagne was the eldest son of Pepin the Short and Bertrada of Laon, born before their canonical marriage. In normal circumstances the only conceivable answer to that question would have been the Emperor at Constantinople; but the imperial throne was at this moment occupied by Irene. 8 Charles Diehl. At this point, students should be roaming around the room reading each other’s questions and answers. Students may suggest that Charlemagne’s building program was an attribute appropriate to a Roman emperor, or that his capital at Aachen was patterned on Ravenna, thereby connecting himself to Justinian’s version of Rome. Charlemagne’s biggest, bloodiest, and most horrifically-ultra-violent conflicts were against a Germanic tribe called the Saxons. Un mariage entre Irène et Charlemagne a même été envisagé car ils ont des racines communes et sont tous les deux empereurs d'empires chrétiens. The Horsemen of the Apocalypse Can’t Ride Unicorns: Adventures in Medieval Drama. Le 24 septembre 768, il hérite d'une partie du royaume franc de son père (la majeure partie de l'Austrasie et de la Neustrie, ainsi que la partie occidentale de l'A… Does that lend additional weight to Irene’s role as emperor? 7 David Talbot Rice, The Byzantines. I have had students use icons as the front of the postcards, photos of Aachen’s cathedral or other buildings in Aachen, and even one student who photoshopped an image of Charlemagne’s face onto the mosaic of John Comnenos and Irene of Hungary from Hagia Sophia. I ask the following questions: In Christian theology, Jesus is both truly God and truly man, so if I create a mosaic or painting of him, which nature is depicted? (New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1957), 37. 5 Speros Vryonis, Byzantium and Europe: History of European Civilization Library (Norwich: Harcourt, Brace, and World, Inc., 1967), 66-68. We discuss the Second Council of Nicea (787) during which icons were declared a legitimate means of prayer. Some have also brought up the death of Latin in the East as a characteristic of an empire that is no longer Roman. Le mariage entre Charlemagne et Irène est possible car ils sont tous les deux chrétiens. ), Students are provided with an image of Irene from Byzantine coins. Irène, épouse de Léon IV, a d'abord été régente durant la minorité de son fils Constantin VI. In my opinion, the marriage between Charlemagne and Irene would result in expulsion and loss of succession rights for Irene as the regnant 'eastern' roman empress due to her marriage with a 'barbarian' dynasty. Day 3: How does a King wish to be remembered? présentation des deux empires. For older students I may also require an essay (or the essay can be assigned in lieu of or before the Postcard exercise). He became king in 768 following his father's death, initially as co-ruler with his brother Carloman I. Carloman's sudden death in December 771 under unexplained circumstances left Charlemagne the sole ruler of the Frankish Kingdom. I have found that when the question is framed as which emperor is the rightful one, the students become quite passionate about arguing for their favored candidate. 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